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Primary Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
Alternate Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto

Network Security Services (NSS) is a set of libraries designed to supportcross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications. Applicationsbuilt with NSS can supportSSLv2 and v3, TLS,PKCS#5, PKCS #7,PKCS#11, PKCS #12, S/MIME,X.509v3 certificates, and other security standards. For detailed informationon standards supported, see Overview of NSS.

NSS is available under the Mozilla Public License, the GNU General PublicLicense, and the GNU Lesser General Public License. For information ondownloading NSS releases as tar files, see Download PKI Source.

To participate in ongoing technical discussions related to NSS, tunein to the newsgroup using one of the above links.

In this document

Project Information

NSS 3.11.4 has been released. We are working on NSS 3.12.

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17 November 2006: NSS 3.11.4 Release

NSS 3.11.4 is the version that we submitted to NIST for FIPS 140-2 validation.The CVS tag is NSS_3_11_4_RTM. NSS 3.11.4 may be used with NSPR 4.6.4 (CVS tagNSPR_4_6_4_RTM) or later.

NSS 3.11.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.11. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.11.4, seeNSS 3.11.4 Release Notes.

19 May 2005: NSS 3.10 Release

NSS 3.10 was completed on 27 April 2005. The CVS tag is NSS_3_10_RTM. It isthe first release in which the DBM library (mozilla/dbm andmozilla/security/dbm) became part of the NSS source tree. NSS 3.10 may beused with NSPR 4.5.1 (CVS tag NSPR_4_5_1_RTM) or later. We will post therelease notes here soon.

19 May 2005: NSS 3.9.5 Release

NSS 3.9.5 is the latest patch release for NSS 3.9. The CVS tag isNSS_3_9_5_RTM.

8 January 2004: NSS 3.9 Release

The new features and enhancements in NSS 3.9 include GeneralizedTimesupport, RFC 3280 compliant name constraints, and the ability to listduplicate certificate instances in multiple tokens. NSS 3.9 passesall the NISCCSSL/TLSand S/MIMEtests (1.6 million test cases of invalid input data) without crashesor memory leaks. We recommend that all NSS customers upgrade to NSS3.9 in the next release of your product. For details, seeNSS 3.9 Release Notes.

20 June 2003: NSS 3.7.7 Release

NSS 3.7.7 is a patch release for NSS 3.7. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.7.7, see NSS 3.7.7 Release Notes.

21 May 2003: NSS 3.7.5 Release

NSS 3.7.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.7. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.7.5, seeNSS 3.7.5 Release Notes.

10 April 2003: NSS 3.8 Release

The new features and enhancements in NSS 3.8 include the SHA-256, SHA-384,and SHA-512 algorithms, enhanced smartcard support, and the elliptic curvecryptography code (not compiled by default) contributed by Sun Labs. Fordetails, see NSS 3.8 Release Notes.

20 March 2003: NSS 3.7.3 Release

NSS 3.7.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.7. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.7.3, see NSS 3.7.3 Release Notes.

10 March 2003: NSS 3.7.2 Release

NSS 3.7.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.7. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.7.2, seeNSS 3.7.2 Release Notes.

4 March 2003: NSS 3.4.3 Release

NSS 3.4.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.4. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.4.3, seeNSS 3.4.3 Release Notes.

27 Febrary 2003: Security Vulnerability: Vaudenay Timing Attack on CBC mode blockciphers

Recently a timing-based attack on SSL/TLS implementations of CBC mode blockcipher suites was disclosed. At present the implementation of SSL and TLS in NSS issusceptible to this method. The flaw is exploited on the recipient ofsensitive data, which is normally servers. Servers are vulnerable tothe attack only if they implement all of the following:

  • TLS (supported by NSS 2.8 and later);
  • cipher suites that use block ciphers;
  • application protocols that are likely to receive sensitive data (forexample, passwords) at exactly the same offset in many messages froma client.

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We have implemented a countermeasure and will release NSS patch releasessoon. Until updated NSS libraries are available, we recommend the followingaction:

  • Netscape/mozilla browser users do not need to take any action. Theycould choose to disable TLS or disable CBC mode block ciphersuitesas a precaution against vulnerable servers.
  • Administrators of servers that are based on NSS 2.8 or later and thatenable TLS need to take action. They could disable TLS or disable CBCmode block cipher suites.

For more information, please see our article on this security flaw.

29 January 2003: NSS 3.7.1 Release

NSS 3.7.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.7. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.7.1, seeNSS 3.7.1 Release Notes.

20 December 2002: NSS 3.7 Release

The new features and enhancements in NSS 3.7 include a new version of theNSS certificate database that supports large CRLs and multiple emailaddresses for the subject of a certificate. For details, seeNSS 3.7 Release Notes.

4 December 2002: NSS 3.6.1 Release

NSS 3.6.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.6. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.6.1, seeNSS 3.6.1 Release Notes.

18 October 2002: NSS 3.6 Release

The new features and enhancements in NSS 3.6 include new certificate handlingand SSL functions, better certificate path construction, significantlyimproved CRL performance and memory usage, better SSL client authenticationperformance, and PKCS #11 session logging. For details, seeNSS 3.6 Release Notes.

July 2002: NSS 3.5 Release

NSS 3.5 is an interim release created for Mozilla 1.0.1 and Netscape 7.We recommend that other NSS clients upgrade to NSS 3.6.

10 June 2002: NSS 3.4.2 Release

NSS 3.4.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.4. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.4.2, seeNSS 3.4.2 Release Notes.

6 May 2002: NSS 3.4.1 Release

NSS 3.4.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.4. For the list of the bugs thathave been fixed in NSS 3.4.1, seeNSS 3.4.1 Release Notes.

6 May 2002: NSS 3.4 Release

NSS 3.4 contains a partial implementation of the core NSS 4.0 (code name Stan)functions and supports the new TLS AES ciphersuites. For details, seeNSS 3.4 Release Notes.

12 December 2001: NSS 3.3.2 Release

NSS 3.3.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.3. For the list of the bugsthat have been fixed in NSS 3.3.2, see NSS3.3.2 Release Notes.

9 November 2001: NSS 3.3.1 Release

NSS 3.3.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.3. For the list of the bugsthat have been fixed in NSS 3.3.1, see NSS3.3.1 Release Notes.

26 July 2001: NSS 3.3 Release

NSS 3.3 enables JSS (3.1 or newer) to use NSS shared libraries and implementsfive new DHE cipher suites for SSL/TLS on the client side. For details,see NSS 3.3 Release Notes.

Source code for a Java interface to NSS is available in the MozillaCVS tree. For details, see Network Security Servicesfor Java.

NSS 3.3 source is available via CVS and maybe viewed in HMTL (via the LXR tool) at http://lxr.mozilla.org/mozilla/source/security/nss/.

6 April 2001: NSS 3.2.1 Release

NSS 3.2.1 provides improved SSL performance and fixes bugs in pk12utiland some certificate query operations. For details, see NSS3.2.1 Release Notes.

NSS 3.2.1 also facilitates simplified build instructions. For details,see Build Instructions for NSS 3.2.1 Release.For background information on the build system and proposals for futurechanges, see The NSS Build System: Historyand Future Directions.

2 March 2001: NSS 3.2 Release

NSS 3.2 provided support for shared libraries for the first time. For details,see NSS 3.2 Release Notes.

Applications that use only the NSS 3.2Public Functions exported by the NSS 3.2 DLLs are guaranteed to workwith future versions of the shared libraries.

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S/MIME Toolkit Module

See S/MIME Toolkit for information about NSS librariesdesigned to support cross-platform development of S/MIME applications.Originally created to support S/MIME in Communicator 4.x and Personal SecurityManager (PSM), these libraries form the basis of a new S/MIME Toolkit forcross-platform development of S/MIME applications.

SSL/TLS Module

See SSL/TLS for information about NSS libraries designedto support cross-platform development of SSL- and TLS-enabled applications.These libraries form the basis of the SSL module.

Documentation

Background information:

  • Overview of NSS. Provides a brief summary ofNSS and its capabilities.
  • NSS FAQ. Answers basic questions about NSS.
  • Introduction to Public-Key Cryptography. Explains the basic concepts of public-keycryptography that underlie NSS.
  • Introduction to SSL. Introduces the SSL protocol, including information about cryptographicciphers supported by SSL and the steps involved in the SSL handshake.

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History:

  • History of NSS. A brief history of NSS.
  • NSS Project Plans. Links to project plans forNSS 3.0 and later releases.
  • NSS Release Notes. Links to release notesfor NSS 3.0 and later releases.
  • NSS Contributors lists major contributorsto the NSS project.

NSS APIs:

  • Introduction to Network Security Services. Providesan overview of the NSS 3.2 libraries and what you need to know to use them.
  • NSS Public Functionssummarizes the APIs exported by the NSS shared libraries. These APIs areguaranteed to work with future versions of NSS shared libraries.
  • SSL Reference. API used to invoke SSL operations.
  • NSS API Guidelines. Explains how thelibraries and code are organized, and guidelines for developing code (namingconventions, error handling, thread safety, etc.)
  • NSS Technical Notes. Links to NSS technical notes,which provide latest information about new NSS features and supplementarydocumentation for advanced topics in programming with NSS.

Tools, testing, and other technical details:

  • Build Instructions for NSS (see NSS release notesfor links). Describe how to check out and build NSS releases.
  • NSS Tools. Tools for developing, debugging, and managingapplications that use NSS.
  • NSS 3.2 Test Suite. Describes how to runthe standard NSS tests.
  • NSS Performance Reports. Links toperformance reports for NSS 3.2 and later releases.
  • Encryption Technologies Available in NSS 3.11lists the cryptographic algorithms used by NSS 3.11.
  • NSS 3.1 Loadable Root Certificates. Describesthe new scheme for loading root CA certificates.
  • cert7.db. General format of the cert7.db database.
  • Content Version Numbers in the Certificate Database.Information about content version numbers in cert7.db.

PKCS #11 information for implementors of cryptographic modules:

CA certificates pre-loaded into NSS

NSS is built on top of Netscape Portable Runtime (NSPR); developers usingNSS must call some NSPR functions. For information on NSPR, see the following:

  • Netscape Portable Runtime. NSPR project page.
  • NSPR Reference. NSPR API documentation.

Mozilla CVS Information

The CVS tags for various NSS releases can be found in theNSS release notes.

NSS source code is in the mozilla/security/coreconf/ andmozilla/security/nss/ directories.

A New Software Serial Library for Arduino

News: NewSoftSerial is in the core! Starting with Arduino 1.0 (December, 2011), NewSoftSerial has replaced the old SoftwareSerial library as the officially supported software serial library. This means that if you have 1.0 or later, you should not download this library. To port your code to 1.0, simply change all NewSoftSerial references to SoftwareSerial.

NewSoftSerial is the latest of three Arduino libraries providing “soft” serial port support. It’s the direct descendant of ladyada’s AFSoftSerial, which introduced interrupt-driven receives – a dramatic improvement over the polling required by the native SoftwareSerial.

Without interrupts, your program’s design is considerably restricted, as it must continually poll the serial port at very short, regular intervals. This makes it nearly impossible, for example, to use SoftwareSerial to receive GPS data and parse it into a usable form. Your program is too busy trying to keep up with NMEA characters as they arrive to actually spend time assembling them into something meaningful. This is where AFSoftSerial’s (and NewSoftSerial‘s) interrupt architecture is a godsend. Using interrupt-driven RX, your program fills its buffer behind the scenes while processing previously received data.

Improvements

NewSoftSerial offers a number of improvements over SoftwareSerial:

  1. It inherits from built-in class Print, eliminating some 4-600 bytes of duplicate code
  2. It implements circular buffering scheme to make RX processing more efficient
  3. It extends support to all Arduino pins 0-19 (0-21 on Arduino Mini), not just 0-13
  4. It supports multiple simultaneous soft serial devices.*
  5. It supports a much wider range of baud rates.**
  6. It provides a boolean overflow() method to detect buffer overflow.
  7. Higher baud rates have been tuned for better accuracy.
  8. It supports the ATMega328 and 168.
  9. It supports 8MHz processors.
  10. It uses direct port I/O for faster and more precise operation.
  11. (New with version 10). It supports software signal inversion.
  12. (New) It supports 20MHz processors.
  13. (New) It runs on the Teensy and Teensy++.
  14. (New) It supports an end() method as a complement to begin().

*But see below for an important caveat on multiple instances.
**Be circumspect about using 300 and 1200 baud though. The interrupt handler at these rate becomes so lengthy that timer tick interrupts can be starved, causing millis() to stop working during receives.

Using Multiple Instances

There has been considerable support for an library that would allow multiple soft serial devices. However, handling asynchronously received data from two, three, or four or more serial devices turns out to be an extremely difficult, if not intractable problem. Imagine four serial devices connected to an Arduino, each transmitting at 38,400 baud. As bits arrive, Arduino’s poor little processor must sample and process each of 4 incoming bits within 26 microseconds or else lose them forever. Yikes!

It occurred to me, though, that multiple instances could still be possible if the library user were willing to make a small concession. NewSoftSerial is written on the principle that you can have as many devices connected as resource constraints allow, as long as you only use one of them at a time. If you can organize your program code around this constraint, then NewSoftSerial may work for you.

What does this mean, exactly? Well, you have to use your serial devices serially, like this:

In this example, we assume that read_gps_data() uses the gps object and read_thermometer_data() uses the therm object. Any time you call the listen() method, it becomes the “active” object, and the previously active object is deactivated and its RX buffer discarded. An important point here is that object.available() always returns 0 unless object is already active. This means that you can’t write code like this:

This code will never do anything but activate one device after the other.

Signal Inversion

“Normal” TTL serial signaling defines a start bit as a transition from “high” to “low” logic. Logical 1 is “high”, 0 is “low”. But some serial devices turn this logic upside down, using what we call “inverted signaling”. As of version 10, NewSoftSerial supports these devices natively with a third parameter in the constructor.

Library Version

You can retrieve the version of the NewSoftSerial library by calling the static member library_version().

Resource Consumption

Linking the NewSoftSerial library to your application adds approximately 2000 bytes to its size.

Download

The latest version of NewSoftSerial is available here: NewSoftSerial12.zip. Note: don’t download this if you have Arduino 1.0 or later. As of 1.0, NewSoftSerial is included in the Arduino core (named SoftwareSerial).

Change Log

  1. initial version
  2. ported to Arduino 0013, included example sketch in package
  3. several important improvements: (a) support for 300, 1200, 14400, and 28800 baud (see caveats), (b) added bool overflow() method to test whether an RX buffer overflow has occurred, and (c) tuned RX and TX for greater accuracy at high baud rates 38.4K, 57.6K, and 115.2K.
  4. minor bug fixes — add .o file and objdump.txt to zip file for diagnostics.
  5. etracer’s inline assembler fix to OSX avr-gcc 4.3.0 interrupt handler bug added.
  6. ladyada’s new example sketch, fix to interrupt name, support for 328p.
  7. etracer’s workaround is now conditionally compiled only when avr-gcc’s version is less than 4.3.2.
  8. 8 MHz support and flush() and enable_timer0() methods added
  9. digitalread/write scrapped in favor of direct port I/O. Revised routines now get perfect RX up to 57.6K on 16MHz processors and 31.25K on 8MHz processors.
  10. inverted TTL signalling supported. 20MHz processors supported. Teensy and Teensy++ supported. New end() method and destructor added to clean up.
  11. added listen() method to explicitly activate ports.
  12. warn users about 1.0 conflict

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to David Mellis, who wrote the original SoftwareSerial, and to the multi-talented ladyada, whose work with AFSoftSerial is seminal. Ladyada also provided the “Goodnight, moon” example sketch, fixed a problem with the interrupt naming (see v6) and tested NSS with the 328p.

Thanks also to rogermm and several other forum users who have tested NewSoftSerial and given useful feedback.

The diligent analysis of forum user etracer yielded the root cause of a tricky problem with NSS on OSX. A bug in avr-gcc 4.3.0 causes the compiler to fail to generate the proper entry and exit sequences for certain interrupt handlers. etracer identified the problem and provided an inline workaround. etracer’s fix is in NSS 5.

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User jin contributed a large body of work based on NSS and identified a potential problem that could result in data loss (fixed in NSS 5). jin also made a variant of NSS that supports 4-pin serial, with the additional pins providing a very nice RTS/CTS flow control. We may see this in NSS in the near future.

Thanks to Garret Mace, who contributed the delay tables for 20MHz processors and claims that he can send and receive at 115K baud. Cool!

Thanks to Paul Stoffregen, both for his fine work with Teensy and Teensy++, and for contributing some useful suggestions that help NewSoftSerial run on them without modification.

I appreciate any and all input.

Mikal Hart





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